Study of Cholesterol Levels in Ascitic Fluid to Differentiate Malignant from Non-Malignant Effusion.

Collection of more than normal quantity fluid in a serous cavity is called effusion. Itis classified as per location i.e. pericardial, pleural and peritoneal. Fluid collection inabdominal cavity is called ascites. Effusions are of two types - (1) Transudate (2)Exudate. Transudate develops as a result of physiological disturbances of circulationusually a rise in venous pressure or decrease in oncotic pressure, while exudateforms as a result of increased capillary permeability which is usually due toinflammation. Transudates usually have low specific gravity due to low proteincontent whereas exudates have high specific gravity due to high protein content.Transudates are usually associated with cardiac-, hepatic- or renal-disease. Whileexudates are caused by inflammatory conditions like tuberculosis and malignanciesof pelvic and abdominal organs. Recently fibronectin and cholesterol levels ofperitoneal fluid have been found to differentiate between ascites of differentaetiologies. The estimation of fibronectin levels in fluid is sensitive but complicated.So, in this study we have taken the value of cholesterol for the aetiologic diagnosisof ascites as a simple procedure.METHODSThe present descriptive study of 100 cases of ascites was conducted over a period of12 months i.e. January. 2019 to January 2020. Various fluids were collected fromOPD and IPD of Medical and Surgery units.RESULTSIn the present study, 84% of the cases were transudates while exudates accountedfor 16% of cases. Cirrhosis (65%) was the commonest cause among transudates.Other causes included congestive cardiac failure (09%), nephrotic syndrome (06%),& anaemias (04%). Exudative ascites was caused by tuberculosis in 10% cases &malignancy in 06% cases. Cholesterol level of >70 mg/dL was found in 82% ofmalignant ascites. So, it was concluded that ascitic fluid cholesterol levels weresignificantly greater in malignant cases in comparison to ascites caused by non -malignant aetiologies. Inference - Cholesterol concentration in ascitic fluid helps todifferentiate ascites in malignancy, from non - malignant ascites.CONCLUSIONSCholesterol estimation in ascitic fluid is a better parameter to differentiatemalignant ascites from non - malignant ascites.

Neumonía necrotizante y empiema pleural por Salmonella no Typhi en paciente inmunocompetente

Los distintos serotipos de Salmonella han sido involucrados generalmente en infecciones gastrointestinales. Las complicaciones pulmonares tanto la neumonía como el empiema son consideradas muy raras y generalmente se presentan en hospederos con alteraciones del sistema inmunológico o con enfermedades predisponentes. Se reporta el caso de una niña de 7 años de edad sin enfermedad previa y sin síntomas gastrointestinales, quien presentó fiebre, tos productiva y dificultad respiratoria progresiva. La radiografía mostró una zona de opacidad de compromiso pulmonar total derecho con desplazamiento del cardiomediastino hacia la izquierda. Se realizó toracentesis con colocación inmediata de sonda de drenaje torácico; del líquido pleural se aisló Salmonella no Typhi. Recibió tratamiento endovenoso con ceftazidima y ciprofloxacina por 12 días, seguido de 12 días más de trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol de forma ambulatoria. Este es el primer reporte para el país, del asilamiento de Salmonella no Typhi relacionado con enfermedad respiratoria severa en una paciente inmunológicamente competente.

The different serotypes of Salmonella have been generally involved in gastrointestinal infections, pulmonary complications both pneumonia and empyema are considered very rare and usually occur in hosts with alterations of the immune system or with predisposing diseases. We report the case of a 7-year-old girl without previous illness and without gastrointestinal symptoms, who presented fever, productive cough and progressive respiratory difficulty. The radiograph showed a zone of opacity of right total pulmonary involvement with displacement of the cardiomediastinum to the left. Thoracentesis was performed with immediate thoracic drainage tube replacement; of the pleural fluid was isolated Salmonella no Typhi. She received intravenous treatment with ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin for 1 days, followed by 12 days of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on an outpatient basis. This is the first report for the country, of the isolation of Salmonella non Typhi related to severe respiratory disease in an immunologically competent patient.

Avaliação das reações de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HI) e Aglutinação Modificada (MAT) na detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii em exsudatos cárneos bovinos / Evaluation of indirect Hemagglutination (HI) and Modified Agglutination (MAT) reactions in the detection of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies in bovine meat exudates

Toxoplasmose é uma zoonose parasitária com ampla distribuição mundial provocada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, considerado um dos protozoários mais bem sucedidos do planeta, pois infecta cerca de um terço da população mundial. Dentre as formas de transmissão, o consumo de carne mal cozida, contendo cistos, tem sido considerado um fator de risco para aquisição desta zoonose. Uma abordagem alternativa para o controle da toxoplasmose pela ingestão de carne bovina seria a sorologia dos bovinos, já que animais soropositivos albergam cistos teciduais. Contudo, a obtenção de soro para esta avaliação, nem sempre é factível, dada a dificuldade de coleta de sangue durante a linha de abate e sua ausência em cortes comerciais. O exsudato cárneo é uma alternativa para detecção de anticorpos anti - T. gondii em cortes comerciais de carne, que foi a proposta deste estudo para avaliar o desempenho dos testes de Hemaglutinação Indireta (HI) e Aglutinação Modificada (MAT) quando comparados ao ELISA usando exsudato cárneo. Este estudo mostrou que a acurácia dos testes de aglutinação não foi viável devido aos baixos índices de sensibilidade e especificidade quando comparados ao ELISA. Estes dados demonstram a importância da escolha de testes eficientes como ELISA para aplicação no controle da qualidade e inocuidade de cortes comerciais de carne bovina.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis with a wide worldwide distribution caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is considered one of the most successful protozoa on the planet, since it can infect a third of the world population. Among the forms of transmission, consumption of undercooked meat has been considered as a risk factor for the acquisition of this zoonosis. An alternative approach to toxoplasmosis control by beef ingestion could be the serological diagnosis in cattle, since seropositives animals harbor tissue cysts. However, the use of serum for this evaluation is not always feasible due to the difficulty of blood collection during slaughter and its absence in commercial beef cuts. Meat exudate is an alternative for the detection of anti-T. gondii antibodies in commercial beef cuts, which was the propose of this study to evaluate the performance of Indirect Hemagglutination (HI) and Agglutination Modified (MAT) tests compared to ELISA using meat exudates. This study showed that the agglutination tests accuracy was not viable due to low sensitivity and specificity indexes when compared to ELISA. These data demonstrate the importance of choosing accurate tests such as ELISA for application in quality control and safety of commercial beef cuts.

Comparison between Diagnostic Yield of Pleural Fluid ELISPOT and Thoracoscopic Guided Pleural Biopsy in Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion

Context: Despite recent advances in the available diagnostic modalities, diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis remains a challenge because of the low yield of conventional methods. Pleural biopsy is the gold standard for confirmation of diagnosis, which is invasive and cumbersome. The concentration of mycobacterial peptide-specific activated lymphocytes at the site of infection can be utilized as the basis for using IGRA (interferon-gamma release assays) based evaluation of undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions.  Aim: To evaluate the performance of IGRA (Enzyme-linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in histopathologically confirmed cases. Settings and Design: A prospective observational study compared the utility of ELISPOT with thoracoscopy guided pleural biopsies for the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusions. Methods and Material: Forty-two consecutive cases of undiagnosed pleural effusions were enrolled and subjected to thoracoscopy guided pleural biopsy. Thirteen patients were confirmed to have tuberculosis, 27 had malignancy, and 2 had normal pleura. A total of 1x103 pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) were cultured in the presence of early secretory antigenic target-6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) for 24 hours. The individual spots were then counted using an automated analyzer ELISPOT reader system.  Results: The number of spots developed in the pleural fluid was significantly higher in tubercular pleural effusions as compared to non-tubercular effusions (CFP-10:154.76±14.61 vs 49.24±8.9; ESAT-6: 150.3±17.27 v/s 45.34±8.23, p<0.001). At a cut-off value of more than 67 spots taken as positive for tuberculosis, the sensitivity of the test was 100% (95% CI 75.29% to 100.00%), specificity was 96.5% (95 % CI 82.24% to 99.91%), positive predictive value was 92.86% (95 % CI 65.45% to 98.89%) and negative predictive value was 100%.  Conclusions: ELISPOT can be a useful non-invasive test for the evaluation of undiagnosed pleural effusions and making a diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis with confidence.

A comparative study of serum ascitic fluid albumin gradient with ascitic fluid total protein in evaluating the etiology of ascites

Background: The traditional method of classification of ascites by AFTP offers little insight into the pathophysiology of ascites formation and it has many drawbacks. In order to overcome it, the classification of ascites based on SAAG has emerged. Even SAAG has some draw backs like non correlation with ascites due to non-alcoholic cirrhosis and difficulty in identifying the ascites due to mixed etiology. This study is conducted to compare the diagnostic accuracies of SAAG and AFTP in identifying the pathophysiology of ascites.Methods: A total of fifty patients who were admitted with ascites were included in the study. Ascitic fluid total protein and SAAG were calculated. They were classified on the basis of SAAG into High SAAG and Low SAAG and on the basis of AFTP into Transudate and Exudate. After the etiology of ascites evaluated by various diagnostic procedures, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of SAAG and AFTP in identifying the pathophysiology of ascites calculated sepereately. The diagnostic accuracies of SAAG and AFTP were compared statistically.Results: The sensitivity of SAAG was found to be 86.84% and that of AFTP 60%. The specificity of SAAG was found to be 83.33% and that of AFTP was found to be 60%. The diagnostic accuracy of SAAG was found to be 86% and that of AFTP was found to be 60%. The diagnostic accuracy of SAAG and AFTP for individual etiologies of ascites were found and compared. SAAG was found to be superior to AFTP with a P value of <0.01 which was statistically significant.Conclusions: The sensitivity and specificity of SAAG was superior to AFTP in identifying the etiology of ascites.

Patterns in the amount of discharge at split-thickness skin graft donor sites

BACKGROUND: Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) are commonly used in the reconstruction of skin defects induced by trauma or burns. Although STSGs are used to successfully treat various wound types, donor site wounds can be challenging, and complications often develop. Therefore, optimal donor site dressings are required. In this study, we introduce an evidence base for patterns in how the discharge amount decreases over time, with the goal of providing insights into the selection of dressing materials. METHODS: Twenty patients with burns who received STSGs harvested from the thigh between January 2016 to April 2017 were prospectively reviewed. A donor site dressing with foam was changed daily. The weight of the foam dressing was measured before and after placement on the donor site. The wound area was calculated using Visi-Trak. The mean weight of the discharge amount per unit area (g/10 cm2) was calculated. RESULTS: The mean weight of the discharge amount per unit area (g/10 cm2) decreased from 3.84 to 2.02 (P < 0.05) and 1.09 (P < 0.05) on postoperative days 5 and 10, respectively. It further decreased to 0.61 by postoperative day 14. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent infections induced by donor site leakage, the use of highly-absorptive foam materials until 5 days after the operation is beneficial. Moreover, hydrocolloid or highly-absorptive foam materials can be used to promote re-epithelialization of the donor site after 5 days postoperatively. For re-epithelialization and wound protection, it is effective to use hydrocolloid materials starting on postoperative day 10.

Derrames pleurales trasudados y exudados: clasificación

Es importante saber diferenciar los derrames pleurales como resultado de un exudado o de un trasudado para poder diagnosticar las diferentes causas de esta enfermedad. Se describieron las características y la formación del líquido pleural, las causas según el tipo de derrame, así como los procedimientos necesarios para tomar muestras útiles para un mejor análisis en el laboratorio clínico. Se planteó una estrategia actualizada para diferenciar los líquidos trasudados y exudados mediante métodos bioquímicos propuestos por Light y el progresivo enriquecimiento de esta estrategia por otros investigadores. Se plantea la utilidad del recuento de las células. Se analizaron algunas limitaciones que existen para diferenciar los tipos de derrames y la de algunos marcadores bioquímicos para diferenciar un exudado de un trasudado, así como los procedimientos que pueden aplicarse en el laboratorio clínico. Encontramos que el criterio de Light es el más eficiente para diferenciar los exudados de los trasudados en los derrames pleurales de causa desconocida.

It is important to know how to differentiate pleural effusions resulting from whether an exudate or transudate in order to diagnose the different causes of this disease. We describe the characteristics and formation of pleural fluid, the causes for each type of effusion, as well as the necessary procedures to take useful samples that allow better analysis in the clinical laboratory. An updated strategy was designed to differentiate transudate and exudate fluids through the biochemical methods proposed by Light and by other researchers who have developed and enriched their methods. We also mentioned the usefulness of cell count. We analyzed some limitations to differentiate the types of effusions and those some biochemical markers present to distinguish an exudate from a transudate, as well as the procedures that can be applied in the clinical laboratory. We concluded that Light's criterion is the most efficient to differentiate exudates from transudates in pleural effusions of unknown cause.

Significance Of C Reactive Protein In Diagnostic Approach Of Pleural Effusion

Present study included 115 Pleural Effusion patients. Pleural fluid were collected and separated as Transudate and Exudate. Further analysis determined the provisional diagnosis of exudates. Pleural Fluid C-Reactive Protein(CRP) concentrations indicated towards diagnosis and severity of exudates. CRPin pleural fluid is a helpful tool in diagnosis and monitoring of pleural effusion patients.

Study of pleural fluid cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase to differentiate exudate from transudate and compared with Lights criteria

Background: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases, the reason for which is not completely understood. Aim: To study the clinico-demographic profile of type 2 diabetes patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 100 patients attending the diabetic clinic of a tertiary care hospital. Demographic data was collected and autonomic function testing was done with Ewing and Clark’s tests. Results: The prevalence of CAN was 58 %. CAN had statistically significant association with increasing duration of diabetes (p < 0.00001), increasing values of HbA1c (p < 0.00001), and with combined use of insulin and oral medications (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of CAN in the diabetic population providing a large pool of patients awaiting effective interventions.

The Effect of the Weight of a Sandbag on the Sheath Region after a Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization / 중환자간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the differences in exudate and bleeding incidence and the changes in back pain and discomfort based on the weight of a sand bag applied to the femoral puncture site after hepatic transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.METHODS: This quasi-experimental study comprised 82 patients randomly divided into three different groups. Experimental group 1 patients had a 600g sandbag, experimental group 2 patients an 800g sandbag, and control group patients a 1900g sandbag, on femoral access sites post procedure. The three groups of patients were assessed on level of exudate and bleeding and asked about back pain and discomfort at 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes after the procedure.RESULTS: There were no significant differences in exudate and bleeding between the three groups before and after application of the sandbag post procedure. Both back pain and discomfort were significantly lower in the experimental groups than in the control group.CONCLUSION: There was no significant effect on bleeding and exudation due to the weight of the sandbag. The lowest level of back pain and discomfort was found in the group with the lightest weight (600 g). Therefore, the use of lighter-weight sandbags to prevent post procedure vascular complications is proposed.

Antifungal effects of three medicinal crops on Phytophthora nicotianae / 中国中药杂志

Tobacco black shank is one of the most harmful soil-borne diseases infected by Phytophthora parasitica. In order to probe the control method to this disease, in this study, the mycelial growth rate method was employed to investigate the antifungal effects of extracts from stem-leaf and root, root exudates, and their combination of Scrophularia ningpoensis, Chuanmingshen violaceum and Pinellia ternata The results showed that: ①Stem-leaf and root extracts of S. ningpoensis, C. violaceum and P. ternata exhibited different antifungal activities, and the inhibition increased with the increase of extract concentration. The antifungal effect of S. ningpoensis extracts at 0.5 g•mL⁻¹ was the strongest than other medicinal plants, the inhibition rate of steam-leaf and root extracts reached 74.88%, 69.27%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of C. violaceum and P. ternata was relatively lower, however, there is a significant gain effect after combination of steam-leaf and root extracts of C. violaceum. ②The root exudates of S. ningpoensis, C. violaceum and P. ternata showed fungistasis to Phytophthora nicotianae, and fungistasis was enhanced with the increase of root exudate concentration. The antifungal effect in the order of C. violaceum > S. ningpoensis > P. ternata. ③The antifungal activity of combination of extract and root exudate from S. ningpoensis was similar with the effect of C. violaceum, they were both stronger than P. ternata, and the antifungal activity for three combination were located between the antifungal activity of their extracts and root exudates. S. ningpoensis and C. violaceum can be potentially applied to prevent and control the tobacco black shank.

Efficacy of Human Platelet Rich Fibrin Exudate vs Fetal Bovine Serum on Proliferation and Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The imperative role of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in regenerative therapy demands an in-vitro expansion which must deal with the safety and ethical problems associated with fetal bovine serum (FBS). The primary aim of this study was to compare the effects of human platelet rich fibrin (hPRF) exudate Vs FBS on proliferation and osteodifferentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). The secondary one was to determine the optimum concentration of hPRF exudate inducing hDPSCs proliferation and osteodifferentiation. METHODS: The direct method was used to prepare hPRF exudate. hDPSCs were isolated from impacted mandibular third molars of twelve donors by the outgrowth method. For cell viability and proliferation rate testing, 96 well plates were used and the assay was done in duplicate and the trial repeated four times under the same conditions. Six wells were used to contain 10% FBS, serum free media, 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations of hPRF exudates, respectively. The proliferation assay was carried out by MTS tetrazolium cell proliferation assay kit and Elisa reader. The study design for osteodifferentiation protocol was exactly as the proliferation one and instead the assay was carried out by alizarin red with Elisa reader. RESULTS: Compared to 10% FBS, 10% hPRF exudate was the optimum concentration for hDPSCs proliferation, while 1% hPRF exudate was the optimum concentration for osteodifferentiation of hDPSCs. CONCLUSIONS: Avoiding the risk of zoonosis which may be occurred with FBS, it is recommended to use 10% hPRF exudate for proliferation and 1% for osteodifferentiation.

Analysis of pleural fluid – A one year study

Background: Cytological study of pleural fluid is a simple, cost effective non invasive technique to detect specific pathologies in the pleural cavity. Though it has relatively low specificity and sensitivity owing to its very nature, it can be of immense help in detecting malignancies and nonneoplastic aetiologies such as infection. Aim: To evaluate pleural fluids with clinical correlation. Materials and methods: The present work was a descriptive cross sectional analytical retrospective type of study undertaken at the department of Pathology of a tertiary care rural hospital over a period of one year from January 2015 to December 2015. Pleural fluids were processed according to standard protocol and studied. They were analysed for cell count, cell features and presence of organisms (if any). Malignancies were also noted. Results: Out of a total of 338 fluid samples received in the one year, a total of 130 cases (38.46%) of pleural fluids were received. Majority of cases were females 72 (55.38%). Mean age of presentation was 51.60 years. A total of 13 cases (10.0%) were malignancies. 89 cases (68.46%) were pleural exudates and 41 (31.53%) were transudates. Conclusion: Pleural fluid comprised of one of the major specimen to be received for evaluation. Owing to its dynamic nature, the pleural cavity has a potential to be a haven to various pathologies. In our study, exudative effusions were commonly encountered, in which, tuberculosis was the prime cause. Malignancies also played an important role giving rise to effusions.

Novo critério bioquímico para classificar transudatos e exsudatos pleurais com dosagens de proteínas totais e desidrogenase lática somente no líquido pleural / New biochemical criteria for classify transudate and exsudate with dosage of total protein and lactate dehydrogenase only in pleural liquid

A correta classificação do líquido pleural em transudato ou exsudato é importante para início do diagnóstico da síndrome do derrame pleural. Um exame ou um conjunto deles precisa ter bom rendimento para cumprir este objetivo. Os autores neste trabalho propuseram novo critério de classificação entre exsudatos e transudatos pleurais com dosagens de proteínas totais (PtnT) e desidrogenase lática (DLH) exclusivamente no líquido pleural. Para as dosagens de PtnT-L, o novo ponto de corte determinado para diagnosticar exsudato pleural foi superior a 3,4g/dL e transudato menor ou igual a 3,4g/dL com uma AUC na curva ROC igual a 0,886 (p=0,0001). Em relação à DLH-L, o novo ponto de corte determinado para diagnosticar exsudato pleural foi superior a 328,0U/L e transudato menor ou igual a 328,0U/L com uma AUC igual a 0, 922 (p = 0,0001). O novo critério de classificação proposto obteve significância estatística e clínica para ser utilizado na prática diária considerando seu rendimento diagnóstico quando validado com o critério clássico de Light. AU

The correct classification of pleural fluid between transudate or exudate is important for early diagnosis of pleural effusion. An exam or a set of them need to have good income to meet this objective. The authors in this paper proposed new classification criteria between exudates and transudate pleural with total protein (Ptn-T) dosages and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) exclusively on pleural fluid. For PtnT-L, a cutoff point for pleural exudate was higher than 3.4 g/ dL and transudate less or equal to 3.4 g/dL with an AUC on ROC curve equal to 0.886 (p = 0.0001). Regarding to LDH-L, a cutoff point for pleural exudate was higher to 328.0 U/L and less than or equal to 328.0 U/L for pleural transudate with an AUC of 0. 922 (p = 0.0001). The proposed new classification criteria had statistical significance and clinical validation for use in daily practice considering its performance when validated with the classic criteria of Light. AU

Microbiological Characteristics according to Transudative and Exudative Effusion in Pleural Fluid Culture / 대한임상미생물학회지

A total of 1,132 pleural fluid culture results obtained from October 2012 to July 2014 were analyzed to elucidate the microbiological characteristics according to transudative and exudative pleural fluid. The pleural fluid cultures were performed using aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles. The blood and pleural fluid for total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose measurement were submitted to laboratory at the same time with pleural fluid cultures. The rates for culture positivity, anaerobes isolation, and polymicrobials between transudative and exudative pleural fluid were 5.2% vs. 10.4%, 14.8% vs. 7.8%, and 14.8% vs. 10.9%.

Caracterización de los tipos capsulares de Pasteurella multocida en exudado faríngeo de bovinos productores de carne clínicamente sanos en el estado de Querétaro / Characterization of capsular types of Pasteurella multocida isolated from clinically healthy beef cattle pharyngeal exudate in the state of Querétaro

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y caracterizar los tipos capsulares de P. multocida en exudado faríngeo en bovinos destinados a la producción de carne en el estado de Querétaro. Se obtuvieron, mediante hisopo, 227 muestras de exudado faríngeo de animales clínicamente sanos en una planta de sacrificio ubicada en el municipio de Ezequiel Montes, Querétaro. Las muestras se sembraron en agar sangre y se incubaron a 37°C por 24 h en aerobiosis. Las cepas aisladas fueron identificadas mediante características morfológicas, pruebas bioquímicas convencionales y el microsistema comercial API 20NE. La tipificación de los grupos capsulares A y D se realizó por medio de una PCR múltiple para la amplificación de los genes hyaD-hyaC y dcbF, respectivamente. De acuerdo con los valores establecidos por el software API WEB, se logró la identificación de 14.09% (32/227) de cepas de P. multocida, que mostraron 96% de identidad y una tipicidad de 1 a P. multocida. Por medio de la PCR múltiple se logró la amplificación de los genes hyaD-hyaC correspondientes al grupo capsular A en el 100% (32/32) de las cepas identificadas previamente como P. multocida. No existen datos similares en México sobre la identificación y caracterización de P. multocida en bovinos destinados a la producción de carne. Con los resultados obtenidos se corrobora que, de manera similar a otros países de Europa y América, en México el grupo capsular predominante de P. multocida es el A.

The objective of the present study was to identify and characterize capsular types of P. multocida isolated from beef cattle pharyngeal exudate in the state of Querétaro. Two hundred and twenty seven pharyngeal exudate swab samples from clinically healthy animals in a slaughterhouse in the municipality of Ezequiel Montes, Querétaro were obtained. Samples were seeded in blood agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 h under aerobiosis. Strains were identified through morphological characteristics, conventional biochemical tests and commercial API 20NE Micro-System. Capsular typing of groups A and D was performed by a multiplex PCR for amplification of genes hyaD-hyaC and dcbF, respectively. According to the values established by API WEB software, it was possible to identify 14.09% (32/227) of P. multocida strains, which showed an identification percentage of 96% and a typicality of 1 to P. multocida. By multiplex PCR, the amplification of genes hyaD-hyaC, correspondent to capsular group A in 100% (32/32) of the strains previously identified as P. multocida, was achieved. There are no similar data in Mexico on the identification and characterization of P. multocida in beef cattle. With the results obtained it is confirmed that, in a similar way with other countries of Europe and America, capsular type A of P. multocida is predominant in Mexico.

Clinical values of fast detection of hs-CRP in distinguishing between transudate and exudate / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of fast detection of high sensitivity C-reaction protein(hs-CRP)in distinguis-hing between transudate and exudate.Methods 100 cases of patients were enrolled in the investigation.The levels of TP,LDH, GLU in serum and pleural effusion respectively,as well as the level of hs-CRP in the pleural effusion.Results According to Light standard,82 cases of patients were diagnosed as transudate(transudate group)and 18 cases of patients were diagnosed as exudates (exudates group).The sensitivities of Rivalta test,TP(pleural effusion)/TP(serum)and LDH(pleural effusion)/LDH(serum) were 83.14%,80.49% and 79.27%,respectively.Hs-CRP showed 84.15% sensitivity and 27.78% specificity at a cutoff value of 5 mg/L.TP(pleural effusion)/TP(serum)and LDH(pleural effusion)/LDH(serum)had the highest specificities,and both were 100.00%.The levels of LDH(pleural effusion)/LDH(serum)and hs-CRP in transudate group were significantly higher than those in exu-dates group(P<0.05).Combined detection of hs-CRP,TP(pleural effusion)/TP(serum)and LDH(pleural effusion)/LDH(serum)had the highest specificity (100.00%).Conclusion The fast detection of hs-CRP in pleural effusion is sensitive,combining with other tests can prove its specificity.The fast assay of hs-CRP has special clinic value in the distinguish between exudate and transudate.

Study of the chemical composition of the resinous exudate isolated from Psoralea glandulosa and evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the terpenoids and the resin / Estudio de la composición química del exudado resinoso aislado de Psoralea glandulosa y la evaluación de las propiedades antioxidantes de la resina y sus terpenoides

Otholobium glandulosum (L.) J.W. Grimes (= Psoralea glandulosa L.) (Fabaceae) is a resinous bush that grows in Chile. The chemical composition of its resinous exudate was determined for the first time. Three meroterpenic: bakuchiol (8), 3-hydroxybakuchiol (11), 12-hydroxyisobakuchiol (12) and a new compound kuchiol (13) were isolated and their structures were determined. The antioxidant activity of the terpenic compounds and resin was evaluated using the bleaching of DPPH radical, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and Total Reactive Antioxidant Properties (TRAP) assays.

Otholobium glandulosum (L.) J.W. Grimes (= Psoralea glandulosa L.) (Fabaceae) es un arbusto resinoso que crece en Chile. La composición química de su exudado resinoso fue determinada por primera vez. Tres meroterpenos: bakuchiol (8), 3-hidroxibakuchiol (11), 12-hidroxiisobakuchiol (12) y un nuevo compuesto kuchiol (13) fueron aislados y sus estructuras fueron determinadas espectroscópicamente. La actividad antioxidante de los compuestos terpénicos y la resina se evaluó mediante tres métodos antioxidantes DPPH, Poder Reductor de Hierro III (FRAP) y Capacidad Antioxidante Total (TRAP).

Risk factors and management of diabetes-related macular hard exudates / 中华实验眼科杂志

Diabetes-related macular exudation is a common fundus change associated with diabetes mellitus,charactered by hard exudates of macular area.It is one of main causes of lowing vision in diabetic patients.The incidence of diabetes-related macular exudation is increasing recent years,and therefore the diabetic maculopathy is also a matter of urgent concern.Domestic and international studies suggested that many systemic factors,such as blood glucose level,blood pressure,hypertension,higher blood lipid,inflammatory factors and genetic predisposition,exert impacts in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic retinopathy.However,whether the hard exudates of macular area also is associated with systemic factors mentioned above is unclear up to now.Since the hard exudates of diabetic maculopathy may leads to permanent loss of visual function,it is very important for us to find the effective prevent and managing approaches.This paper aimed to review the progress in this field and summarize the relevant risk factors that must be strictly controlled.

Antioxidant activity in heterogeneous and homogeneous system of the resinous exudates from Heliotropium stenophylum and H. sinuatum and of 3-O-methylgalangin their main component / Actividad antioxidante en sistema heterogéneo y homogéneo de los exudados resinosos de Heliotropium stenophyllum y H. sinuatum y de 3-O-methylgalangina su componente mayoritario

The antioxidant activity of resinous extracts obtained from H. stenophylum and H. sinuatum species, was evaluated through ORAC index (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) in water phase and in presence of Triton X-100 micelles, using as test molecules to pyrogallol red (PGR) and evaluating their reduction by the action of peroxyl radicals obtained from thermolysis of AAPH. The results show that these extracts protect to PGR of the action of the radicals. This protection is reduced drastically in the presence of Triton X-100 micelles. The same effect was observed with the main flavonoid of these extracts (3-O-methylgalangin). These results show the importance of the media of reaction of pure compounds and/or extracts at the time of to take into account their use as antioxidants.

La actividad antioxidante de exudados resinosos obtenidos desde las especies H. stenophylum y H. sinuatum, fue evaluada a través del ensayo ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) en fase acuosa y en presencia de micelas de Triton X-100, usando como molécula prueba a pirogalol rojo (PGR) y evaluando su reducción frente a la acción de radicales peróxidos obtenidos desde la termólisis de AAPH. Los resultados muestran que estos extractos protegen al PGR de la acción de los radicales. Esta protección es reducida drásticamente en presencia de micelas de Tritón X-100. El mismo efecto fue observado con el flavonoide mayoritario de estos extractos (3-O-metilgalangina). Estos resultados muestran la importancia de considerar el medio de reacción de compuestos puros y/o extractos al momento de tomar en cuenta su uso como antioxidantes.